poniedziałek, 4 lipca 2011
Motoryzacja: Car Accident Statistics
Motoryzacja: Car Accident Statistics: "Car accident statistics indicate that at least four people involved in car accidents die every hour. These accidents could be due to the fau..."
Motoryzacja: Car Accident Statistics
Motoryzacja: Car Accident Statistics: "Car accident statistics indicate that at least four people involved in car accidents die every hour. These accidents could be due to the fau..."
Car Accident Statistics
Car accident statistics indicate that at least four people involved in car accidents die every hour. These accidents could be due to the fault of the driver, the other driver, or due to a faulty vehicle. The important thing to consider is the number of deaths occurring every day, excluding the peopl...
Car accident statistics indicate that at least four people involved in car accidents die every hour. These accidents could be due to the fault of the driver, the other driver, or due to a faulty vehicle. The important thing to consider is the number of deaths occurring every day, excluding the people involved in car accidents and sustaining severe personal injuries.
The main causes for car accidents are reckless and negligent driving and alcohol. Teenagers, according to the statistics, cause most car accidents Inexperience coupled with irresponsible behavior and a lack of respect for the safety precautions are the main causes for such a high number of teenage car accidents.
Another reason is the inattentiveness of the driver. Many people talk while driving, which might prove to be fatal because it distracts the driver from the road. Even though hands free mobile phones are the latest craze, the driver would be unable to concentrate on the road while on the phone. The best option would be to park and then take the call, or not take the call at all while driving. These rules have already been implemented in a number of states.
Inattentiveness can also be caused due to alcohol, drugs, or the driver being distracted by music in the car. This might prove to be perilous to other drivers on the road and might result in either distracting them with reckless driving or causing side or rear end collisions due to inattentiveness. Such negligence can even cause pileups in highways and must be avoided at all costs.
Car accidents can be very traumatic, sometimes affecting the person for the rest of their life. Other than the physical injuries that may result due to the accident, mental pressure might also result. A few precautions can eliminate the prospect of accidents on the roads and provide a safety net. It is advised to follow the safety road rules and not drive while on the phone or while on drugs or alcohol.
Car accident statistics indicate that at least four people involved in car accidents die every hour. These accidents could be due to the fault of the driver, the other driver, or due to a faulty vehicle. The important thing to consider is the number of deaths occurring every day, excluding the people involved in car accidents and sustaining severe personal injuries.
The main causes for car accidents are reckless and negligent driving and alcohol. Teenagers, according to the statistics, cause most car accidents Inexperience coupled with irresponsible behavior and a lack of respect for the safety precautions are the main causes for such a high number of teenage car accidents.
Another reason is the inattentiveness of the driver. Many people talk while driving, which might prove to be fatal because it distracts the driver from the road. Even though hands free mobile phones are the latest craze, the driver would be unable to concentrate on the road while on the phone. The best option would be to park and then take the call, or not take the call at all while driving. These rules have already been implemented in a number of states.
Inattentiveness can also be caused due to alcohol, drugs, or the driver being distracted by music in the car. This might prove to be perilous to other drivers on the road and might result in either distracting them with reckless driving or causing side or rear end collisions due to inattentiveness. Such negligence can even cause pileups in highways and must be avoided at all costs.
Car accidents can be very traumatic, sometimes affecting the person for the rest of their life. Other than the physical injuries that may result due to the accident, mental pressure might also result. A few precautions can eliminate the prospect of accidents on the roads and provide a safety net. It is advised to follow the safety road rules and not drive while on the phone or while on drugs or alcohol.
Dobór opon.
Dobór właściwego ogumienia do posiadanego pojazdu jest kluczowy dla bezpieczeństwa kierowcy oraz komfortu jazdy. Nowoczesne samochody są wyposażone w wysoko zaawansowane systemy bezpieczeństwa, które poprawiają sterowność, przyczepność i hamowanie, ale bez odpowiedniego ogumienia nie spełnią swojej roli.Jeśli kupujemy auto w salonie jest ono wyposażone w oryginalne ogumienie, które posiada homologację do tego samochodu. Oznacza to, że przeprowadzono testy sprawdzające zachowanie się danej marki, o konkretnej specyfikacji (rozmiar, indeks prędkości, indeks nośności) zamontowanych w naszym samochodzie. Dlatego przy zakupie kolejnego kompletu opon należy sugerować się oponami, które użytkowaliśmy do tej pory. W książce pojazdu powinien być zawsze wpisany rozmiar oryginalny oraz zamiennik dedykowany przez producenta samochodu. Jeśli chcemy wybrać inny rozmiar opon w celu osiągnięcia efektu wizualnego trzeba taką decyzję skonsultować z autoryzowanym serwisem ogumienia. W przypadku zakupu auta na rynku wtórnym również powinniśmy zasięgnąć fachowej porady. Przy wyborze zamienników podstawowa zasada jest taka, że różnica w średnicy koła po zastosowaniu zamiennika nie może przekraczać 2% w stosunku do oryginału.
należy wymieniać gdy głębokość bieżnika osiągnie wartość 1,6mm w przypadku opon letnich oraz 4 mm w przypadku opon zimowych. Przy oponach zimowych dodatkowo trzeba zwracać uwagę na stan „lamelek” czyli falistych nacięć na bieżniku, które są odpowiedzialne za przyczepność na śliskiej nawierzchni. Oprócz głębokości bieżnika konieczna jest wizualna ocena opony, wszelkie pęknięcia, zarówno wzdłużne jak i poprzeczne oraz wybrzuszenia, mogą być oznaką uszkodzenia opony. W przypadku jakichkolwiek podejrzeń co do stanu technicznego, zaleca się konsultację w autoryzowanym serwisie.
Konserwacja opon nie jest skomplikowana i polega przede wszystkim na właściwym ich użytkowaniu. Oznacza to dbanie o właściwe ciśnienie w oponach, ponieważ jego niedobór, co zdarza się najczęściej, powoduje nierównomierne oraz przyspieszone ich zużywanie się. Jednocześnie zwiększone opony toczenia przyczyniają się do nadmiernej konsumpcji paliwa przez nasze auto. Istotny wpływ na stan techniczny ogumienia ma zawieszenie samochodu. Niewłaściwa geometria lub zużyte amortyzatory również przyczyniają się do przyspieszonego zużycia opon. Zmorą dla posiadaczy samochodów wyposażonych w zawieszenie wielowahaczowe jest ząbkowanie opon, czyli ich nierównomierne zużycie na krawędziach – do tego typu zawieszenia najodpowiedniejsze są opony z bieżnikiem asymetrycznym.
Wymiana powinna przebiegać w autoryzowanych serwisach ogumienia, gdzie będziemy pewni fachowej obsługi ponieważ właściwy montaż i wyważenie opon ma również wpływ na prawidłową, dalszą eksploatację.
Nie należy lekceważyć roli jaką pełnią opony w samochodzie. Właściwy dobór ogumienia jest bardzo istotny ze względu na bezpieczeństwo oraz komfort jazdy.
należy wymieniać gdy głębokość bieżnika osiągnie wartość 1,6mm w przypadku opon letnich oraz 4 mm w przypadku opon zimowych. Przy oponach zimowych dodatkowo trzeba zwracać uwagę na stan „lamelek” czyli falistych nacięć na bieżniku, które są odpowiedzialne za przyczepność na śliskiej nawierzchni. Oprócz głębokości bieżnika konieczna jest wizualna ocena opony, wszelkie pęknięcia, zarówno wzdłużne jak i poprzeczne oraz wybrzuszenia, mogą być oznaką uszkodzenia opony. W przypadku jakichkolwiek podejrzeń co do stanu technicznego, zaleca się konsultację w autoryzowanym serwisie.
Konserwacja opon nie jest skomplikowana i polega przede wszystkim na właściwym ich użytkowaniu. Oznacza to dbanie o właściwe ciśnienie w oponach, ponieważ jego niedobór, co zdarza się najczęściej, powoduje nierównomierne oraz przyspieszone ich zużywanie się. Jednocześnie zwiększone opony toczenia przyczyniają się do nadmiernej konsumpcji paliwa przez nasze auto. Istotny wpływ na stan techniczny ogumienia ma zawieszenie samochodu. Niewłaściwa geometria lub zużyte amortyzatory również przyczyniają się do przyspieszonego zużycia opon. Zmorą dla posiadaczy samochodów wyposażonych w zawieszenie wielowahaczowe jest ząbkowanie opon, czyli ich nierównomierne zużycie na krawędziach – do tego typu zawieszenia najodpowiedniejsze są opony z bieżnikiem asymetrycznym.
Wymiana powinna przebiegać w autoryzowanych serwisach ogumienia, gdzie będziemy pewni fachowej obsługi ponieważ właściwy montaż i wyważenie opon ma również wpływ na prawidłową, dalszą eksploatację.
Nie należy lekceważyć roli jaką pełnią opony w samochodzie. Właściwy dobór ogumienia jest bardzo istotny ze względu na bezpieczeństwo oraz komfort jazdy.
ABS szkodzi czy pomaga?
ABS to układ zapobiegający blokowaniu się kół pojazdu podczas hamowania. Skutek jego działania jest bardzo prosty – zablokowane w wyniku działania hamulca koło jest odblokowywane – powoduje to odzyskanie sterowności tego koła i poprawia panowanie nad pojazdem na śliskiej nawierzchni. Czy jednak ABS zawsze pomaga?
ABS zwykle pomaga...
Wymieniony we wstępie przypadek omijania nagle pojawiającej się przeszkody na śliskiej nawierzchni drogi jest dość oczywistym przykładem sytuacji w której ABSpomaga kierowcy przywracając możliwość kierowania samochodem wtedy, kiedy w skutek mocnego naciśnięcia pedału hamulca przednie koła zostały zablokowane. Samochód bez ABS wymaga od kierującego w podobnej sytuacji dużego doświadczenia. W chwili zagrożenia kierowca rzadko bowiem myśli o tym co dzieje się z kołami – robi raczej wszystko co może aby zmienić kierunek jazdy – co niestety w przypadku zablokowanych przednich kół jest zwykle niemożliwe.
Kolejną sytuacją, w której nawet bardzo doświadczony kierowca nie zasymuluje działania układu ABS, jest moment kiedy hamować musimy wtedy, kiedy koła poruszają się po nawierzchni o różnych właściwościach (np. gdy jesteśmy zmuszeni do najechania na pobocze). Nowoczesne czterokanałowe systemy ABS umożliwiają wtedy odblokowanie tylko tych kół, które w wyniku mniejszego tarcia o powierzchnię pobocza zostały zablokowane. Często znacznie zwiększa to szansę powrotu na jezdnię, co nie byłoby utrudnione, gdyby samochód nie posiadał systemu ABS.
System ABS wykazuje także duże zalety zastosowany w zespołach pojazdów (np. ciężarówka z przyczepą). Układ zapobiegający blokowaniu kół przyczepy znacznie poprawia bezpieczeństwo prowadzenia całego zestawu.
...ale czasami szkodzi
ABS ma jednak swoich przeciwników, którzy jako argument podnoszą sytuację, w których układ ten wydłuża drogę hamowania pojazdu. Ma to miejsce np. wtedy, kiedy przed zablokowanym kołem tworzy się warstwa luźnych elementów nawierzchni, która powoduje zwiększenie skuteczności hamowania. Układ ABS w takiej sytuacji odblokowuje koło, które przejeżdża przez tę warstwę zamiast wykorzystać ją do skrócenia drogi hamowania pojazdu.
Podobnie układ ABS wydłuża drogę hamowania wtedy, kiedy na nawierzchni o dużym współczynniku tarcia (np. asfalcie) znajduje się cienka warstwa luźnej nawierzchni (np. piasku). Wtedy zablokowane koła w samochodzie bez ABS powodowałyby przetarcie tej luźnej nawierzchni i koło zaczęłoby hamować na asfalcie, co oczywiście jest bardziej skuteczne.
Ostatnią już niepożądaną cechą układu ABS (ale także wszelkich układów poprawiających bezpieczeństwo jazdy) jest uśpienie czujności kierowców, którzy ufni w swój samochód przekraczają granice zdrowego rozsądku podczas prowadzenia samochodu. Najczęściej efektem takiej sytuacji jest jazda ze zwiększoną prędkością nieadekwatną do warunków panujących na drodze. Wypadki w takich sytuacjach niosą za sobą o wiele poważniejsze skutki. Oczywiście trudno wymienioną cechę nazwać wadą samego układu ABS, jednak dla porządku zostało tutaj wymienione.
Warto czy nie warto?
Pomimo tego, że układ ABS nie zawsze pomaga bardzo trudno byłoby obronić tezę, że nie warto kupić samochodu z układem ABS. Składając bowiem do siebie wady i zalety trzeba stwierdzić, że zdecydowanie częściej odczuwamy pozytywne działanie układu ABS. Jego najważniejszą cechą jest przywrócenie możliwości sterowania samochodem podczas nagłego hamowania. Ta zaleta będzie najczęściej wykorzystywana podczas użytkowania pojazdu z układem ABS. Sam fakt bardzo dynamicznie rosnącego procentu pojazdów wyposażonych w ten układ najlepiej świadczy o tym, że kierowcy jednak doceniają jego zalety.
poniedziałek, 27 czerwca 2011
The invention of the tire.
Robert Thomson invented and patented the pneumatic tire in 1845. His first project used a significant amount of light air-filled tubes inside a leather tires.
This project was more appreciated than the later projects because of one inner tube puncture did not cause the air across the mouth of the tire, and by changing the pressure it was possible to change the driving conditions.Unfortunately, this invention had no luck from the moment began the endless problems with assembly and production of these tires. This idea has been revived on the occasion when a veterinary surgeon noticed that the tires will be perfectly served his three-wheeled bike in 10-year-old son: he produced a pneumatic tire tread.Relative success in this regard encouraged the surgeon, John Dunlop to advertise their tires in The Irish Cyclist, in December 1888. In May the following year a new tire was experiencing its heyday.At Belfast Cycle Race has been charged to victory thanks to a pneumatic rubber tires, since the public interest in these tires. Unfortunately the original tire also had its drawbacks. It was difficult to access because the tire inner tube was attached to the wheel. In 1890, CK Welsh patented the design rim and its outer covering of internal performance nierozciągliwym wheel rim. This invention heralded the advent of modern tires. For many years he has developed a tire up to the present shape. For two of the most important technical development processes are the development of radial tires by Michelin in 1948: this project contributed to a better adhesion to the substrate of the vehicle and traction.Previous structure consisting of contact between the layers diagonally, and running transversely kordach, proved to be very stable structure, but the walls of the tires were too hard and impossible to navigate the flexible substrate particularly during maneuvering.Michelin rubber producing their cords arranged in a radial manner of giving the cushioning of the tire, better control of the vehicle with flexible walls of the tire, which resulted in improving traction and handling and braking.At that time the pneumatic tire was produced with the tube: a new project was introduced during the 20's, when the tube was removed from the tire, but tire technology was not advanced enough and was not accepted in the tire industry.This was achieved in 1972, when the inner tube with disabled Dunlop tires and tubeless tires produced, which became the 'norm' among tire manufacturers. Tubes, however, are still used to solve the problem of puncturing the tires, when it is expected that the tire was safe on the road.For many years, research and development, dictated by the needs of different markets, meant that automotive tires can meet different needs. The scale was enormous applications, from Formula 1 competition type vehicles for use as large as buildings.All tires affect the ride comfortable, substantial resistance to penetration and to achieve. Many of the names we associate with, such as tires - Goodyear, Dunlop, Michelin, and Bridgestone Mirella - to name just a few of them - have contributed to the success of modern automobile tires. These companies, as well as other work on the rock world: production center is located in China and India but also in other European countries and the United States. However, for sure Dunlop will always be associated with a tubeless pneumatic radial tire, the legacy remains the measure of the inch (inch), which is now used globally to measure the diameter of the circle.Conversion to metric measurements not applicable technical parameters - all wheel sizes are 13,14,15,16,17,18 and 19 for ordinary cars, for example - 'code' that relates the diameter wheels ... 13 ", etc.The reasons for this, that the cost of the tires seems to be quite high compared to other parts of the service, it is important that vehicle owners bought the right size tires for their vehicles - in accordance with such technical parameters that ensure road safety and acceptance authorities ITV. Another problem, which we will try to explain the coding is different tire sizes, as well as consultation on solving problems when mounted tires are not in accordance with the official documentation of the vehicle.
This project was more appreciated than the later projects because of one inner tube puncture did not cause the air across the mouth of the tire, and by changing the pressure it was possible to change the driving conditions.Unfortunately, this invention had no luck from the moment began the endless problems with assembly and production of these tires. This idea has been revived on the occasion when a veterinary surgeon noticed that the tires will be perfectly served his three-wheeled bike in 10-year-old son: he produced a pneumatic tire tread.Relative success in this regard encouraged the surgeon, John Dunlop to advertise their tires in The Irish Cyclist, in December 1888. In May the following year a new tire was experiencing its heyday.At Belfast Cycle Race has been charged to victory thanks to a pneumatic rubber tires, since the public interest in these tires. Unfortunately the original tire also had its drawbacks. It was difficult to access because the tire inner tube was attached to the wheel. In 1890, CK Welsh patented the design rim and its outer covering of internal performance nierozciągliwym wheel rim. This invention heralded the advent of modern tires. For many years he has developed a tire up to the present shape. For two of the most important technical development processes are the development of radial tires by Michelin in 1948: this project contributed to a better adhesion to the substrate of the vehicle and traction.Previous structure consisting of contact between the layers diagonally, and running transversely kordach, proved to be very stable structure, but the walls of the tires were too hard and impossible to navigate the flexible substrate particularly during maneuvering.Michelin rubber producing their cords arranged in a radial manner of giving the cushioning of the tire, better control of the vehicle with flexible walls of the tire, which resulted in improving traction and handling and braking.At that time the pneumatic tire was produced with the tube: a new project was introduced during the 20's, when the tube was removed from the tire, but tire technology was not advanced enough and was not accepted in the tire industry.This was achieved in 1972, when the inner tube with disabled Dunlop tires and tubeless tires produced, which became the 'norm' among tire manufacturers. Tubes, however, are still used to solve the problem of puncturing the tires, when it is expected that the tire was safe on the road.For many years, research and development, dictated by the needs of different markets, meant that automotive tires can meet different needs. The scale was enormous applications, from Formula 1 competition type vehicles for use as large as buildings.All tires affect the ride comfortable, substantial resistance to penetration and to achieve. Many of the names we associate with, such as tires - Goodyear, Dunlop, Michelin, and Bridgestone Mirella - to name just a few of them - have contributed to the success of modern automobile tires. These companies, as well as other work on the rock world: production center is located in China and India but also in other European countries and the United States. However, for sure Dunlop will always be associated with a tubeless pneumatic radial tire, the legacy remains the measure of the inch (inch), which is now used globally to measure the diameter of the circle.Conversion to metric measurements not applicable technical parameters - all wheel sizes are 13,14,15,16,17,18 and 19 for ordinary cars, for example - 'code' that relates the diameter wheels ... 13 ", etc.The reasons for this, that the cost of the tires seems to be quite high compared to other parts of the service, it is important that vehicle owners bought the right size tires for their vehicles - in accordance with such technical parameters that ensure road safety and acceptance authorities ITV. Another problem, which we will try to explain the coding is different tire sizes, as well as consultation on solving problems when mounted tires are not in accordance with the official documentation of the vehicle.
Vehicle history.
The car and the locomotive was originally a common history. Publications on both vehicles as their ancestors Steam mention the same structures. Type of drive meant that they had a contribution to the development of railways, and the lack of rails pointed to their connection to today's cars.
Already in 1770 the French officer Nicolas Cugnot built a steam tricycle vehicle.But it was by today's standards a very primitive design, but it certainly moved herself and could reach a speed of 4km / h. Sixteen years later, a young English engineer William Murdock conducted tests with steam-powered toy vehicle. Working in studio Murdock steam pumps built 30-inch model with an engine of relatively high power.Englishman decided to try his invention on the street with dismay found that it is not able to catch up with fast moving vehicle. Rush through the city toy so frightened of the local priest that he died of a heart attack. Under pressure from local residents, and James Watt (who stipulated a patent for the steam engines used to carry people, but it did not work for them) Murdock resigned from further experiments.The next milestone in the history of the car's road locomotive was constructed in 1801 by Englishman Richard Trevithick. With motor vehicle wysokoprężnemu Trevithick was at that time a modern design. The inventor showed him surprised residents of London, in 1804 years put a road locomotive on the tracks. Since then the history of the car and locomotive history unfolded in two different ways.
Explosive vehicle
Despite the development of the inventor did not stop work on the steam road vehicles. Moreover, it was not only experimental designs, but also developed steam omnibuses Driving passengers for a fee. The first line, which regularly plied omnibuses, was launched in England in 1831. Steam-powered vehicles traveled between London and Statford. With time, the steam omnibuses were introduced many improvements, some of which later took the constructors combustion vehicles.Particularly noteworthy was built in 1873 by French engineer Amédé'ego Bollé'ego omnibus "Obedient". This vehicle is equipped with two steam engines driving separately each of the rear wheels. "Obedient" had solid rubber tires and soft leaf springs, that is, as used in modern cars. A novelty in those days was the transmission using a chain gear cooperating with the gearbox. Although the vehicle weighed almost five tons, but reached an average speed of 42 km / h, including the travel time needed to complete interruption of water.
1770 - Nicolas steam produced vehicle Cugnot
1786 - William Murdock builds a steam powered toy car
1800 - Isaac de Rivaz constructs a vehicle propelled by a light gas explosion
1801 - Richard Trevithick built a road locomotive
1814 - Frenchman De Quet constructs the steering
1821 - Englishman R.J. Griffith introduces transmission.
1831 - launched the first regular flight is operated by steam omnibuses
1835 - Thomas Davenport built the first car driven by an electric motor
1860 - Étienne Lenoir gets a patent on a gas engine
1862 - Alphonse de Rochas Bean develops a theoretical principle of four-stroke engine, Nicolaus A. Otto built a prototype of such an engine
1871 - Joseph Ravel builds a vehicle powered by oil
1873 - the first time on the road goes omnibus "Obedient"
1875 - Siegfried Marcus constructs a four-wheeled vehicle with four-stroke gasoline engine
1886 - Karl Benz patent for three-wheeled car, and Gottlieb Daimler presents a four-wheeled car of his own design
1891 - Emil Levasseur introduces a front-wheel drive
1893 - Albert de Dion engine builds can reach 3000 r / min
1907 - H. Ledvinka constructs a mechanical brake on 4 wheels.
Drive a steam car, however, proved to be a dead end. For a long time was working on competing engines for steam engines.In 1800 the Swiss retired military, Isaac de Rivaz Major built a primitive vehicle propelled explosive gas mixture of light and air. Electric spark ignited a mixture of threw up a piston, which in turn drove the wheel placed over it. His motion was carried by the rope on the wheel of the vehicle. The design had no steering, and after each explosion had to be the new "refueled" with gas. Rivaz has obtained a patent on it, but that does not stop there and try to improve his invention.
American Thomas Davenoprt in 1835 built the first car powered by an electric motor, electric czerpiącym current from the battery.In 1860, French engineer has developed Čtienne Lenoir gas engine, which worked without compressing the mixture. Namely, put the piston in the cylinder, after which both sides took place alternately sucking and burning the mixture. The engine, however, already had a mechanism for bringing gas into the cylinder. Air - the second component of the mixture - it was sucked through the gap between the piston and the cylinder.
Two years later, French scientist Alphonse Beau de Rochas developed a theoretical principle of four-stroke engine. It consisted of sucking the fuel mixture into the cylinder, compress it, burn, what gives the piston movement, and throwing gas on the outside. That same year, the gas engine prototype built German Nikolaus August Otto.
Daimler and Benz
In 1875, living in Vienna Jewish locksmith Siegfried Marcus went into the street four-wheel vehicle with four-stroke gasoline engine. Marcus engine mounted on a wooden frame strengthened tin ornaments. The frame was based on two axes of the wheels, the first of which was a swivel, as in horse carts. Vehicle steered by a small, vertically oriented steering gear combined. Marcus Construction weighed 756 kilograms and was so robust that even in 1950, managed to run it. It achieved a speed of 6 to 8 km / h, had the brakes in the form of wooden blocks dociskanych the wheels and sprung front axle. Unfortunately, the local police forbade public Mercusowi use the invention because of the annoying smell of exhaust.
Although Siegfried Marcus constructed a vehicle with a gasoline engine, is widely recognized that the first car created independently of each other in the workshop of two German engineers: Damilera Gottlieb and Carl Benz. Benz in 1885 conducted the first test of three-wheeled vehicle powered by a four-stroke gasoline engine. The drive was transferred to the two rear wheels and the front was used for control. Large, horizontal position provided a flywheel engine jednocylindrowego equal work. Brakes were blocks, if need be pressed against the rim of spoked wheels. The vehicle weighed 260 kg and already the first attempt outside the yard Benz flawlessly ran 24 kilometers. Constructor patented it in 1886.Exactly in the same year his first publicly unveiled car Gottlieb Daimler. He placed the gasoline engine is not on the tricycle, but the four-wheel chassis. Steering was the entire front axle. His vehicle resembled a carriage, which detached from the horse.This shape was supposed to be helpful in case your car breaks down (it was easy to attach to it a draft animal). After successive changes Daimler engine was the power of 3.75 horsepower, which allowed the dispersal of the car to a speed of 32 km / h.The first cars accepted very suspicious. Often, they provoked smiles of pity and annoyed noisy engines. But nothing could stop their development. Car became so perfect on the outside and inside.
Emile Levasseur, an economist and geographer by profession, invented in 1891 front-wheel drive.
In 1893 the Frenchman Albert de Dion engine was built, which reached 3000 rpm.This result was possible thanks to the electric system, ignition of the mixture. Two years later, Michelin brothers, André and Čdouard, combine pneumatic tires with John Dunlop removable rim. Since then, catching rubber has become much less of a problem. Perfected a car brakes. First, not only equipped with two wheels, but with increasing speed of vehicles, such a solution is no longer enough. In 1907, H. Ledvinka, Austrian designer, applied the mechanical brake on 4 wheels.
Changed the appearance of cars. In the past departed vehicles similar to the carriages. In 1905 appeared the first car, whose body could be using a special overlay to change from open to closed. Become increasingly popular luxury car with a glass room for passengers. The driver was indeed even beyond it, but it extended shrouded roof and vertical mounted on the front windshield of the vehicle. With this type of structure born contemporary bodywork.
Cars at breakneck pace gained popularity. As technology no longer merely a toy millionaires. There were cheap and reliable models available to people with average earnings. Today it is difficult to imagine a world without cars.
Already in 1770 the French officer Nicolas Cugnot built a steam tricycle vehicle.But it was by today's standards a very primitive design, but it certainly moved herself and could reach a speed of 4km / h. Sixteen years later, a young English engineer William Murdock conducted tests with steam-powered toy vehicle. Working in studio Murdock steam pumps built 30-inch model with an engine of relatively high power.Englishman decided to try his invention on the street with dismay found that it is not able to catch up with fast moving vehicle. Rush through the city toy so frightened of the local priest that he died of a heart attack. Under pressure from local residents, and James Watt (who stipulated a patent for the steam engines used to carry people, but it did not work for them) Murdock resigned from further experiments.The next milestone in the history of the car's road locomotive was constructed in 1801 by Englishman Richard Trevithick. With motor vehicle wysokoprężnemu Trevithick was at that time a modern design. The inventor showed him surprised residents of London, in 1804 years put a road locomotive on the tracks. Since then the history of the car and locomotive history unfolded in two different ways.
Explosive vehicle
Despite the development of the inventor did not stop work on the steam road vehicles. Moreover, it was not only experimental designs, but also developed steam omnibuses Driving passengers for a fee. The first line, which regularly plied omnibuses, was launched in England in 1831. Steam-powered vehicles traveled between London and Statford. With time, the steam omnibuses were introduced many improvements, some of which later took the constructors combustion vehicles.Particularly noteworthy was built in 1873 by French engineer Amédé'ego Bollé'ego omnibus "Obedient". This vehicle is equipped with two steam engines driving separately each of the rear wheels. "Obedient" had solid rubber tires and soft leaf springs, that is, as used in modern cars. A novelty in those days was the transmission using a chain gear cooperating with the gearbox. Although the vehicle weighed almost five tons, but reached an average speed of 42 km / h, including the travel time needed to complete interruption of water.
1770 - Nicolas steam produced vehicle Cugnot
1786 - William Murdock builds a steam powered toy car
1800 - Isaac de Rivaz constructs a vehicle propelled by a light gas explosion
1801 - Richard Trevithick built a road locomotive
1814 - Frenchman De Quet constructs the steering
1821 - Englishman R.J. Griffith introduces transmission.
1831 - launched the first regular flight is operated by steam omnibuses
1835 - Thomas Davenport built the first car driven by an electric motor
1860 - Étienne Lenoir gets a patent on a gas engine
1862 - Alphonse de Rochas Bean develops a theoretical principle of four-stroke engine, Nicolaus A. Otto built a prototype of such an engine
1871 - Joseph Ravel builds a vehicle powered by oil
1873 - the first time on the road goes omnibus "Obedient"
1875 - Siegfried Marcus constructs a four-wheeled vehicle with four-stroke gasoline engine
1886 - Karl Benz patent for three-wheeled car, and Gottlieb Daimler presents a four-wheeled car of his own design
1891 - Emil Levasseur introduces a front-wheel drive
1893 - Albert de Dion engine builds can reach 3000 r / min
1907 - H. Ledvinka constructs a mechanical brake on 4 wheels.
Drive a steam car, however, proved to be a dead end. For a long time was working on competing engines for steam engines.In 1800 the Swiss retired military, Isaac de Rivaz Major built a primitive vehicle propelled explosive gas mixture of light and air. Electric spark ignited a mixture of threw up a piston, which in turn drove the wheel placed over it. His motion was carried by the rope on the wheel of the vehicle. The design had no steering, and after each explosion had to be the new "refueled" with gas. Rivaz has obtained a patent on it, but that does not stop there and try to improve his invention.
American Thomas Davenoprt in 1835 built the first car powered by an electric motor, electric czerpiącym current from the battery.In 1860, French engineer has developed Čtienne Lenoir gas engine, which worked without compressing the mixture. Namely, put the piston in the cylinder, after which both sides took place alternately sucking and burning the mixture. The engine, however, already had a mechanism for bringing gas into the cylinder. Air - the second component of the mixture - it was sucked through the gap between the piston and the cylinder.
Two years later, French scientist Alphonse Beau de Rochas developed a theoretical principle of four-stroke engine. It consisted of sucking the fuel mixture into the cylinder, compress it, burn, what gives the piston movement, and throwing gas on the outside. That same year, the gas engine prototype built German Nikolaus August Otto.
Daimler and Benz
In 1875, living in Vienna Jewish locksmith Siegfried Marcus went into the street four-wheel vehicle with four-stroke gasoline engine. Marcus engine mounted on a wooden frame strengthened tin ornaments. The frame was based on two axes of the wheels, the first of which was a swivel, as in horse carts. Vehicle steered by a small, vertically oriented steering gear combined. Marcus Construction weighed 756 kilograms and was so robust that even in 1950, managed to run it. It achieved a speed of 6 to 8 km / h, had the brakes in the form of wooden blocks dociskanych the wheels and sprung front axle. Unfortunately, the local police forbade public Mercusowi use the invention because of the annoying smell of exhaust.
Although Siegfried Marcus constructed a vehicle with a gasoline engine, is widely recognized that the first car created independently of each other in the workshop of two German engineers: Damilera Gottlieb and Carl Benz. Benz in 1885 conducted the first test of three-wheeled vehicle powered by a four-stroke gasoline engine. The drive was transferred to the two rear wheels and the front was used for control. Large, horizontal position provided a flywheel engine jednocylindrowego equal work. Brakes were blocks, if need be pressed against the rim of spoked wheels. The vehicle weighed 260 kg and already the first attempt outside the yard Benz flawlessly ran 24 kilometers. Constructor patented it in 1886.Exactly in the same year his first publicly unveiled car Gottlieb Daimler. He placed the gasoline engine is not on the tricycle, but the four-wheel chassis. Steering was the entire front axle. His vehicle resembled a carriage, which detached from the horse.This shape was supposed to be helpful in case your car breaks down (it was easy to attach to it a draft animal). After successive changes Daimler engine was the power of 3.75 horsepower, which allowed the dispersal of the car to a speed of 32 km / h.The first cars accepted very suspicious. Often, they provoked smiles of pity and annoyed noisy engines. But nothing could stop their development. Car became so perfect on the outside and inside.
Emile Levasseur, an economist and geographer by profession, invented in 1891 front-wheel drive.
In 1893 the Frenchman Albert de Dion engine was built, which reached 3000 rpm.This result was possible thanks to the electric system, ignition of the mixture. Two years later, Michelin brothers, André and Čdouard, combine pneumatic tires with John Dunlop removable rim. Since then, catching rubber has become much less of a problem. Perfected a car brakes. First, not only equipped with two wheels, but with increasing speed of vehicles, such a solution is no longer enough. In 1907, H. Ledvinka, Austrian designer, applied the mechanical brake on 4 wheels.
Changed the appearance of cars. In the past departed vehicles similar to the carriages. In 1905 appeared the first car, whose body could be using a special overlay to change from open to closed. Become increasingly popular luxury car with a glass room for passengers. The driver was indeed even beyond it, but it extended shrouded roof and vertical mounted on the front windshield of the vehicle. With this type of structure born contemporary bodywork.
Cars at breakneck pace gained popularity. As technology no longer merely a toy millionaires. There were cheap and reliable models available to people with average earnings. Today it is difficult to imagine a world without cars.
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